Football finance expert David Conn asks the question that sends shivers down Scouse spines...
When, aged 62, Roy Hodgson was finally handed his dream job this summer â âÂÂthe biggest in club football,â he said of Liverpool, and heâÂÂs been around a bit â his immediate tasks were more about salvage than success.
This was not a Bob Paisley moment, a modest, self-effacing football man taking over an Anfield operation engineered by Bill Shankly to reign supreme for years, as Liverpool went on to do under Paisley, winning six League Championships and three European Cups between 1974 and 1983.
HodgsonâÂÂs arrival was more reminiscent of ShanklyâÂÂs own, who in 1959 faced a restoration job at a spent, exhausted club â although Liverpool then were mired in the Second Division, not feeling they are in crisis because they finished seventh in the Premier League. Yet this was truly a modern crisis for Liverpool, on a scale which would surely have appalled even the indomitable Shankly.
Bank debts alone, at a club famous for prudence approaching parsimony, had mushroomed to ã250m. The bulk of that had been directly loaded onto the club to pay the borrowings American owners Tom Hicks and George Gillett took on when they bought the club in February 2007.
The pair arrived promising to relaunch Liverpool to the glories Shankly and his boot room successors delivered, but instead they left a trail of debt and broken dreams. Their vow then, to build Liverpool the long-mooted new stadium in neighbouring Stanley Park, produced grand designs but barely a sod of earth overturned.
Rather than funding Liverpool to where they were in the 1970s and 1980s, the spectre began to loom instead of Leeds United in the early 2000s, over-borrowed and at risk of collapse. The auditors, KPMG, commented alarmingly on the clubâÂÂs financial accounts in 2008 and 2009 that the short-term loans to the club from Royal Bank of Scotland and Wachovia âÂÂmay cast significant doubt on the groupâÂÂs and parent companyâÂÂs ability to continue as a going concern.âÂÂ
Leeds, in the infamous admission of the then chairman Peter Ridsdale, had at least spent their borrowings âÂÂliving the dreamâÂÂ, reaching the Champions League semi-final before plunging into football and financial collapse. Liverpool won the Champions League on that wondrous Istanbul night in 2005, and reached the final in 2007 with Hicks and Gillett only months in the Anfield boardroom.
The new owners: cue fanfare
Since then, the pair have loaned money in â ã144m by this year â to buy Fernando Torres and provide Rafael Benitez with a significant transfer fund which few argue the manager spent wisely. Yet in the summer of 2009, after Liverpool finished second in the Premier League, Benitez spent ã20m on Roma's Alberto Aquilani and a remarkable ã18m for Glen Johnson from penniless Portsmouth. It added up to not much more than he received for selling his world-class midfield anchor Xabi Alonso to Real Madrid for ã30m, Alvaro Arbeloa, also to the Bernabeu, for ã3.5m, and disposing of other squad players.
FALLING FURTHER BEHIND
Liverpool finished seventh last season, crucially dropping out of the Champions League that earned them not just vital credibility but cold hard cash: ã23m TV money from the run to the 2008 semi-final, ã19m from 2009's journey to the quarter-final.
In April, Hicks and Gillett â who had first tried to soldier on, then searched the world for new investors â finally accepted, under pressure from the banks, that they had to sell outright, and appointed new chairman Martin Broughton to reel in a buyer.
The great Liverpool Football Club limped into this summer up for sale, their very existence financially uncertain, staring at a season with no Champions League football and that vital tranche of income lost, key players questioning seriously whether they wanted to stay, and supporters in open rebellion against the owners.
Fan banners used to celebrate achievement...
Hicks and Gillett denied the club was in serious financial risk, and Broughton maintained they did not have to sell Torres or other players to pay off debt. But the power lay with decisions made in bank headquarters, not at the Melwood training ground.
Rogan Taylor, a lifelong Liverpool fan and long-term campaigner for supportersâ rights, is a director of Share Liverpool, a supporters trust formed to raise ã50m to buy an immovable 10 percent stake in the club, and thus play a part reflecting the views of fans in the clubâÂÂs running.
âÂÂSadly it has become palpably clear over the last three years that the decision to sell the club to Hicks and Gillett was about the most disastrous in the clubâÂÂs 118-year history,â he argues. âÂÂWe had very little debt before, the new stadium could have been financed in a straightforward way, but instead we became a sinking ship, in an ocean of debt, waiting for another passing billionaire to bail us out. As Liverpool supporters, we could never have foreseen the club being in this state.âÂÂ
So HodgsonâÂÂs first days in the Anfield managerâÂÂs office, the pinnacle of his remarkable football journey from non-league player at clubs like Gravesend & Northfleet and Maidstone United in the 1970s, were spent trying to convince elite stars Steven Gerrard, Fernando Torres and Javier Mascherano that there could be a worthwhile future at Liverpool.
Keenly aware of how greatly the team relied upon Gerrard and Torres, and that such players see Champions League football as their natural milieu rather than a prize to be fought for, HodgsonâÂÂs immediate job constituted a charm offensive. âÂÂIâÂÂll be trying to persuade them that this is the place to be,â he said. âÂÂIâÂÂll ask them to give me a chance, to work with you, and to improve on last season.âÂÂ
Chairman Broughton used the unveiling of the new manager not to promise unbridled success, but to make optimistic noises that the club could be dug out of its financial hole - that a buyer could be found to dispatch Hicks and Gillett and build the club a future. âÂÂThere have been no offers at this stage,â Broughton said of the sale process he was overseeing. âÂÂBut weâÂÂre hopeful a deal can be done by the end of the transfer window.â It wasn't.
HodgsonâÂÂs delighted statement, âÂÂIâÂÂm honoured to be taking on BritainâÂÂs most successful football club,â still just about holds true, but it is based on glories receding further into the past. Manchester United drew equal in 2009 to LiverpoolâÂÂs record of 18 League Championship wins, and were just a point plus goal difference short of surpassing it last season. Much more significant than that is last seasonâÂÂs landmark, which made it fully 20 years since Liverpool last won the championship â a startling gap after the clubiâÂÂs routine dominance of the 1970s and 1980s.
LESSONS FROM HISTORY
Those decades of the boot room managerial conveyor belt, of Keegan and Toshack, Dalglish and Rush, Hansen and Lawrenson, terraces and tragedy, belonged monopolistically to Liverpool. The Premier League era, in which money became so determining a factor, was claimed from the start by United.
Liverpool grew terrified about falling behind their rivals financially and on the field in the early 1990s as United began to seriously ring in the cash, slapping extra tiers on Old Trafford until it reached its current 76,000 capacity.
In 1991 Liverpool's then chairman David Moores invested ã12m to help turn Anfield all-seater. Redeveloping the Kop and Centenary Stand settled the ground into its current 45,000 capacity, but as the decade passed Moores and chief executive Rick Parry gradually realised they need to sell many more tickets to prevent LiverpoolâÂÂs financial eclipse by United.
Yet since the first plans were made more than a decade ago, for a new 60,000- or 70,000- seat stadium to be built on Stanley Park, nothing has happened. Liverpool remain stuck at Anfield â a true home the fans love, but whose leaving they have pragmatically accepted â increasingly short of the money required for top players, while United expanded, Roman Abramovich sunk ã800m into Chelsea and Arsenal built the Emirates.
Just waiting for the call...
Tottenham finding their feet last season and the genuine billionaire takeovers at Manchester City and Aston Villa have cast Liverpool further behind, and the debts, losses and failure to qualify for the Champions League all threatened to make permanent that inferior status. That is why, in modern terms, the summer of 2010 was a Shankly, not a Paisley moment, and why BroughtonâÂÂs task was to find not just an investor, but a saviour.
Hicks and Gillett were the buyers supposed to make it all right again, buying the club in February 2007 when a deal had been almost done with Dubai International Capital â which may not, given DubaiâÂÂs epic collapse since, have turned out any better. When the American pair strode on to the Anfield turf for their first public appearance after the takeover, they had clearly been briefed about what their new audience would most like them to say.
They described Liverpool as a club of âÂÂoutstanding historical wealthâ â a strange choice of phrase â and said they would âÂÂdo everything in [their] powerâ to uphold its âÂÂcherished traditionsâÂÂ. They peppered their press conference with reverential mentions of the Kop. Seeking to reassure supporters they had not bought one of world footballâÂÂs greatest clubs simply to turn a buck, the two men installed their sons as directors and said they foresaw being involved for years, making âÂÂa multi-generational family commitment.âÂÂ
Amid all that PR were two specific pledges, whose breaking has stoked the outrage of Liverpool supporters more than any other letdown. They would, Hicks and Gillett promised, not âÂÂdo a GlazersâÂÂ, a reference to the takeover at Old Trafford by the Florida family who loaded their own ã559m borrowings to do the deal onto the club itself to pay off. Hicks also said that within 60 days the spades would go in at Stanley Park.
âÂÂEverybody connected with the club, ex-players and supporters, believed we had what we wanted,â laments Phil Thompson, the former Liverpool great who lived his own dream, from fan on the Kop to captain raising the European Cup, to assistant manager under Gerrard Houllier, and caretaker manager himself when Houllier fell ill.
âÂÂWe were led to believe that George Gillett had a lot of money, that Tom Hicks had billions, and now we were going to compete with Abramovich. But their promises, including that they would not put debt on the football club, were not kept, and this we have found extremely hard to bear.âÂÂ
Immediately after they announced their deal, it became clear that Hicks and Gillett had borrowed the money â ã174m plus professional fees, making ã185m in total â from the Royal Bank of Scotland. At the time, LiverpoolâÂÂs own net debt, restrained with almost paranoid caution by Parry and Moores, was ã44.8m. But the club was struggling to keep its place in the vital, Champions League-qualifying top four, and the documents revealed that Moores had personally lent the club ã10m in August 2006, with which Benitez bought Dirk Kuyt from Feyenoord.
Parry and Moores: careful with the cash
Moores had that money repaid and famously now, but somewhat overlooked in all the optimism back then, Hicks and Gillett paid him ã89.6m personally for his shares. Moores broke his silence in May when he wrote a long letter to The Times saying he felt betrayed by Hicks and Gillett, but he did not offer to put a chunk of that ã89.6m towards finding a solution.
TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
It didn't take long after the takeover for the revelation that Hicks and Gillett did in fact âÂÂdo a Glazerâ after all. They have made Liverpool itself responsible for paying off the debts and the interest which they themselves took on to buy the club in the first place. They were not billionaires bringing sentiment and cash to Liverpool, but investors bearing debt.
The first accounts published by the club after the takeover that was supposed to propel it back to the big time came in June 2009, showing that Hicksâ and GillettâÂÂs parent company had borrowed ã313m from Royal Bank of Scotland and Wachovia, which included the ã185m they originally took out to buy the club. Despite record turnover of ã164.2m â from Sky TV money, a full Anfield and a more concerted commercial operation â Liverpool lost ã40.9m.
The club had had to pay interest of ã36.5m on all that borrowed money, which the banks, with huge problems of their own, had lent only for a year. KPMG laced LiverpoolâÂÂs accounts with that warning that the clubâÂÂs very existence was threatened. Hicks and Gillett argued this was an accounting technicality, and persuaded the banks to renew the loans râ but only for another year, and with significant new money loaned in by the owners.
It had also become clear very quickly that Hicks and Gillett were not dream saviours who would be able or prepared to wave a cheque book to spirit the new Stanley Park stadium into being. They were going to borrow the money for that too, a cost which had spiralled from ã100m to an estimated ã450m.
The only reason the club was for sale in the first place had been to find wealthy backers to fund that new stadium, to lift the clubâÂÂs earning power so it could keep up with United, Chelsea and Arsenal, and now the arrivistes of Manchester City, Spurs and Villa.
Yet in August 2008 Hicks and Gillett put out the briefest of statements containing the not very shocking news that the stadium was not going up any time soon. âÂÂThe building of the new stadium will be subject to delay,â the statement said, blaming âÂÂglobal market conditionsâÂÂ.
It was true, of course, that the worldwide banking collapse and recession had made major building projects harder to finance, but nobody had said when the pair took over that they would be borrowing the money to build the stadium. Moores and Parry maintained they needed rich men to stand behind the project: Anfield, a painfully shattered neighbourhood of boarded up terraced houses around the football ground, is not Highbury in Islington, where Arsenal have made a fortune converting their old stadium into eminently desirable apartments.
Highbury Square: High-cost, high-yield
Hicks and Gillett were the men chosen to facilitate this plan to build Liverpool their new future, but they did not spend their own cash and found they could not borrow the money. So Liverpool have languished at Anfield, with the new stadium no further on than shiny images on the architectsâ Apple Macs. Under Benitez, the team arguably overperformed to come second in 2009 but last season, shorn of Alonso, few fans protested that seventh was not the teamâÂÂs true level, as Gerrard and Torres creaked and RafaâÂÂs tenure reached its unhappy end.
The most recent accounts, for the year to July 31 2009, published in May this year, showed that LiverpoolâÂÂs borrowings had in fact gone down to ã250m. Hicks and Gillett had been forced to lend ã144m themselves, which they did via their company in the Cayman Islands, to keep spending on players up and bank borrowing tolerable.
Yet the banks had extended the loans this time by only weeks, from January 24, 2010 to March 3. So KPMG made the same cautionary note, that there was âÂÂmaterial uncertainty which may cast significant doubtâ on LiverpoolâÂÂs ability âÂÂto continue as a going concernâÂÂ, due to the clubâÂÂs reliance on âÂÂshort-term facility extensions.âÂÂ
Broughton, the chairman of British Airways, was introduced as a business figure of genuine repute to attract a buyer and relieve Liverpool of the aberration in the clubâÂÂs history which the Hicks and Gillett takeover represents, although the pair were insisting on a profit for selling. Hodgson immediately worked the phones to Gerrard, Torres and Mascherano, whose deliberations â and in the latter's case, defection to Barcelona â reinforced the fall in fortunes which LiverpoolâÂÂs status has taken.
Thompson hopes Liverpool can move on, finance the stadium, compete again â and, as importantly, reclaim the pride of the club. âÂÂThe debt we have been saddled with makes my heart bleed,â he says passionately. âÂÂWeâÂÂre Liverpool, a special club with worldwide support, but the owners failed to realise the importance of what they had.
"WeâÂÂre not a brand; the Liverpool supporters still believe in the football club. There is a closeness, a dignity about the fans and the club, which the owners didnâÂÂt get. Now we have to pull together, support Hodgson and work to get the club to where it should be.âÂÂ
Stung by debt and decline and cringing at their own welcome for the initial warm words of Hicks and Gillett, fans have formed protest groups like Spirit of Shankly to oppose the owners and emphasise the clubâÂÂs core values.
Share Liverpool's Taylor says they wonâÂÂt be stung again: âÂÂHicks and Gillett were welcomed with open arms, but the three years since have been a gradual realisation of how bad a state the club is in. Now, from any new owners, we will need to see action, not words. Liverpool fans, through all this, have lost their virginity.âÂÂ
Still, Liverpool were not Leeds, but only due to the patience of banks. Hicks and Gillett can claim justifiably they funded the club â with loans â to keep trying to compete. But they also loaded Liverpool with the borrowings they made to buy the club in the first place, a piece of financial chicanery which would indeed, surely, have greatly offended the spirit of Shankly.
From the September 2010 issue of FourFourTwo. Subscribe here
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