The northern Italian club won the two-legged tie on aggregate, with a pair of 2-1 victories - the latest of which came at Latina's Stadio Domenico Francioni.
Alessandro Bruno had given Latina a lead on the night and a 2-2 scoreline overall - which would have sent the hosts through given they finished higher than Cesena in the Serie B table - after just 13 minutes.
But Pierpaolo Bisoli's visitors responded well, taking the aggregate lead on 52 minutes via Gregoire Defrel before an injury-time penalty to Emmanuel Cascione sealed their promotion.
Cesena are back in the Italian top flight for the first time since the 2011-12 season, while Latina's bid for a first ever season in the Serie A was denied.
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