Charles opened the scoring for the visitors when he slotted past goalkeeper Jordi Codina in the 15th minute, but Getafe soon pulled level through Alvaro Vazquez.
The striker latched onto a Pablo Sarabia throughball to beat Sergio Alvarez with a neat finish.
Getafe looked to have missed their chance to claim maximum points when Diego Castro fluffed his lines from the penalty spot following a handball by Nemanja Radoja - chipping onto the crossbar to the dismay of his team-mates.
However, that error proved to be of little consequence as, with five minutes left on the clock, Sarabia made no mistake when a delightful Sammir flick found him unmarked in the penalty area.
The result lifts Getafe to 14th, while Celta - now without a win in 10 league matches themselves - slip to 12th.
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