The 32-year-old has been in and out of the France side since the 2006 World Cup final because of thigh and hamstring injuries and been sidelined since the end of November with an Achilles problem.
"It is certain that if my injuries were to persist, I will have to make a decision. Most likely quit the French team," Vieira told French sports daily L'Equipe.
"If the situation repeats itself, I will have to face facts. I don't see myself playing five or six matches, come back to the French team and be out for two or three months because of an injury.
"If such a scenario were to repeat, it would break my heart but I would put the selection behind me."
The former Arsenal captain started his international career in a 2-1 win over the Netherlands in 1997 and has played 106 times for his country.
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